Privatize Social Security essays

Privatize Social Security articles Privatize Social Security: Americans are Smart Enough to Invest for Themselves The start of the twentieth century was an extremely difficult time for America and its residents. After the Industrial Revolution and the Great War came the Great Depression. The economy was slamming, and smashing quick; the securities exchange smashed twice in multi week, a large number of individuals were laid off, and organizations failed. These were unquestionably the hardest of times and the individuals were searching for help. On June 8, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares to congress that he proposed to give a program to Social Security. He made the Committee on Economic Security to examine the whole issue of the economy and to give any suggestions that would assist congress with making an administrative thought. Toward the beginning of January 1935, the panel gave the report to Roosevelt and on January 17 he introduced it to congress. On August 14, 1935 the Social Security Act was go into law by President Roosevelt. The demonstration was to help individuals needing general government assistance and pay resigned laborers age 65 or more seasoned a proceeding with pay after retirement. The program later change to incorporate joblessness protection, mature age help, help to dependant kids, and awards to states for clinical consideration. In 1939, the program was altered to incorporate installments to the life partner and minor kids and survivors benefits pay in the occasion the laborer endured a sudden passing. This is practically what Americans know as Social Security today and the program has been moderately unaltered since it was gazed more than sixty years prior (Social Security History). This program was unquestionably required during these difficult situations; nobody can truly contend that. In any case, a great many people today examine Social Security like never before: it is contended in congress, it is discussed on the news, and it is bantered in political decisions. Americans feel that they can improve putting away their well deserved cash t... <!

Aaron Burr Essay -- essays research papers

AARON BURR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In spite of the fact that Aaron Burr, b. Newark, N.J., Feb. 6, 1756, battled in the American Revolution and turned into a significant political figure, serving a term (1801-05) as VP of the United States, he is best recollected today for having killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. The child of a leader of the College of New Jersey (presently Princeton University) and the grandson of another (Jonathan Edwards), Burr could follow his heritage back to the most punctual Puritans. He entered Princeton at 13 years old, graduated at 16, and proceeded to turn into a Revolutionary War legend, ascending to the position of lieutenant colonel at 21 years old. In July 1782 he wedded Theodosia Bartow Prevost, the widow of a previous British official. They moved to New York City, where Burr constructed a notoriety for being an astounding lawyer and made significant political associations. He was &quot;the most rising youngster in the state,&quot; a contemporary noted. Political Career In 17 89 Burr was designated lawyer general of New York by Gov. George Clinton. After two years the state gathering, which was constrained by partisans of Clinton and Robert Livingston, chose Burr for the U.S. Senate. His vocation in the Senate was not especially important. Hamilton loathed him, Clinton before long figured out how to doubt him, and George Washington declined his solicitation to be delegated pastor to France. However, all through Congress, Burr figured out how to move so dexterously, and with so much close to home appeal, that he won the help of numerous Federalists just as Democratic Republicans. In 1796 and 1800, Burr ran for VP with Thomas Jefferson on the Democratic-Republican ticket. Whatever questions Virginia Republicans had about Burr- - they had not decided in favor of him in 1796- - were settled when he conveyed New York City for his gathering in 1800. It was accepted that the result of the national political race would follow that in New York, yet under the conf ounded constituent framework at that point being used Jefferson and Burr got an equivalent number of appointive decisions in favor of the administration (73 each), tossing the political race into the House of Representatives. There the Federalists would not regard the exhortation of Hamilton and ineffectively attempted, against the undeniable wishes of people in general, to choose Burr. Jefferson won the challenge and Burr became VP. Jefferson questioned his reliability and before long started to retain support from Burr a... ...an occupied and rewarding law practice. He kept on having a solid impact in the open committees, be that as it may. He bolstered a resistant stance toward France during the XYZ AFFAIR (1798), and as controller general of the military (1798-1800) he assumed responsibility for arranging the country's barriers. Harshly disillusioned in President John ADAMS's inconsistent initiative, Hamilton transparently contradicted Adams' re-appointment in 1800. At the point when it showed up, in any case, that Aaron Burr may prevail upon the administration Jefferson, Hamilton unhesitatingly tossed his help to Jefferson, whose arrangements he disdained, as opposed to Burr, whom he viewed as a man without standards. This and other restriction by Hamilton so disappointed and rankled Burr that he provoked Hamilton to a duel. The two men battled at Weehawken, N.J., on July 11, 1804. Hamilton evidently terminated into the air, however Burr focused. Hamilton fell mortally injured and kicked the bucket t he following day in New York. He was covered in Trinity churchyard, New York City. He left his significant other and seven youngsters vigorously paying off debtors, yet companions before long took care of the obligations. Hamilton was grieved by his comrades as one who had dedicated his life to the country's development in opportunity and flourishing.

Grocery Store Run

Grocery Store Run Hurricane Ike left Houston badly damaged. Thankfully, our home escaped relatively unscathed, just a few scattered tree limbs here and there. The house was without electricity and running water for quite a while, though. Long in advance, my father had planned to come up to MIT that same weekend for the Alumni Leadership Conference, but the storm seemed to have blown that trip away with its winds. How could he leave his family, living in a house with no utilities, sweltering in the humidity, standing in line for hours for milk, to enjoy a weekend in the beautiful New England September weather? Well, with schools and businesses closed, and the house in decent shape, my whole family decided to visit. We had a great time. My father introduced me to some relatives who live nearby, should I ever need anything. They took me out for dinner and ice cream every day, a welcome departure from Next House Dining and Annas burritos. Every moment spent with my mother, she insisted that I hadnt been eating and that more food be obtained to relieve me of the MIT firehose-induced famine. In truth, Ive been eating well, and the schoolwork hasnt affected any of my habits, good or bad. In any case, she urged me to go grocery shopping with her. Needless to say, this was not a bad position to be in. She forced me to stock up on old standbysâ€"Clementines, grapes, Kix, bread, peanut butter, and of course Oreosâ€"to fill my empty fridge. A week of eating nothing but comfort food later, I was horrified to find my Oreo supply dwindling . Seven in the evening, Saturday night. It had been raining for twenty four hours straight, and there were no signs of the downpour letting up. I put on my windbreaker, grabbed my helmet and empty backpack, and did what any man would do in this situation. It was time to get me some cookies. On my way out, I ran into Geza 12, who lives right across the hall from me (Coincidentally, he wrote Wubi and LVPM, two pieces of software I used extensively before arriving to MIT. Felt like I was meeting a rock star when he introduced himself as the developer). He asked where I was off to and if he could join. I told him sure, but I was riding my bike, to which he replied, “Oh, its okay. I run everywhere, anyway.” So we motored over to Shaws Star Market, which is just under 1.5 miles from Next House. Even at night in the pouring rain, it beats submitting to LaVerdes ridiculous prices in the student center. I told Geza to set the pace, that I would follow. I can imagine how strange this would look like to the pedestrians we passed on our way down a soggy Massachusetts Avenue. First, a six foot tall kid in glasses nearly runs into you, followed closely by another student fiercely pedaling on his bicycle, dressed in all black, like a criminal pursuing a fleeing victim. Add to this the fact that I was senselessly shouting “Run, Forrest, run!” in my best Southern drawl (seriously, I couldnt resist), andyou get the idea. So I got my Oreos, and Geza his produce, and we headed back home. Nothing like cookies and Seinfeld reruns to help pass a rainy Saturday night.

How Children Learn Language Essay - 1075 Words

How Children Learn Language Language, the largest and most common way we communicate in this world. It could be Spanish, English, Chinese or Japanese; we learn and use it in our everyday life. It is not genetically encoded in our brain to speak yet, we are able to start speaking or using a language. Children are born with no knowledge of the world. Children are able to learn language through interactions brain development and part of human development. Their brain develops everyday; helping them to learn words, actions, speeches through visualization, verbalization and hearing. As they grow older their vocabularies get bigger and eventually start using words in sentences. The most common way we see children learning a language is through†¦show more content†¦All of them perform different responsibilities and functions. The right side of the brain controls the left side of the brain and vice versa. The part of the brain responsible for speech, language recognition and facia l nerves is the Broca’s area. The Broca’s area was named after Pierre Paul Broca who discovered speech impairment of a patient. Language is acquired through practice of vocabularies and speech repetition. Children with a slower rate of repetition shows slow rate of vocabulary expansion. Children can also learn at least ten to fifteen new words every day. Children sustain the new vocabularies by repetition, observation and parents helping them. Behaviorist believes that language is learned through observation and that language is not as important as the ability to speak it. The linguistic approach to learning is that language is a structure and grammar independent of use. They credit the brain as the main source of learning a language. They also believe that a child is born with the ability to learn and speak a language. Infants are born with the ability to see, hear, smell and think; they continue to develop in the first month of their lives. Infants can usually see six to eight inches away and they automatically start sucking when given a nipple. They can gaze at an object that is shape like a face and they smell and prefer their mothers scent and mothers’Show MoreRelatedHow Children Learn Language1986 Words   |  8 PagesHOW CHILDREN LEARN LANGUAGE By : Ahmadrawi The writer can be contacted at: scholars.assist@gmail.com 1. OVERVIEW The exact way in which millions of developing children get to the point where they can produce and understand millions of words and make sentences out of it is the subject of a heated debate in the psycholinguistic field. According to Saxton (2010,p.18), the study on how children learn language can be traced back to the German biologist, Tiedermann, in 1787. However, up untilRead MoreHow Children Learn Language749 Words   |  3 Pagespast or we observer from what other have done. This paper is about applying the knowledge and application to long-term memories, classical conditioning, positive reinforcement and child learn language. Long-term memories are files that are stored in the folder area of our brains. We use these memories to learn from them, so we can safeguard against things that are similar to these experiences we had in the pasted. Every day that goes by each one of us is going to be learning something new in thisRead MoreHow Do Small Children Learn Their First Language?1216 Words   |  5 PagesHow do small children learn their first language? Discuss some environmental factors and internal factors involved in language acquisition. â€Å"Children are extremely perceptive and absorb what goes on around them long before they can talk or even comprehend the language†. -Theodore Isaac Rubin, psychiatrist and author. But, have you ever thought about how children learn their first language. Do they certainly learn by absorbing what they hear around them or is there more to that? Maybe we do not giveRead MoreHow Teachers Can Help Children Learn a Second Language Effectively by the Teaching Satrat egies They Use in Class2209 Words   |  9 PagesINSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE FORMACIÓN DOCENTE Y TECNICA N º 55 PROFESORADO DE INGLES ENGLISH AND ITS TEACHING III Academic Paper HOW TEACHERS CAN HELP CHILDREN LEARN A SECOND LANGUAGE EFFECTIVELY BY THE TEACHING SATRATEGIES THEY USE IN CLASS Student: MONTANARI, JIMENA TEACHER: PROF. SARA RACKER 2010 Abstract Play, imagination and literature are considered essential for children’s whole development. Research shows that they are concerned with the development of abstract thought and creative use of knowledgeRead MoreThe Behaviorist Theory And The Nativist Theory963 Words   |  4 PagesLearning a language is very important in the human life, without some type of language humans would not be able to survive in this world. Language is something that humans use in a daily life. It is what they use to get what they want, to fight for what they believe, to resolve a conflict; language is important. The way that someone may learn a language is just as important as knowing a language. The way someone may learn a language is important because the way they learned it may affect the wayRead MoreDo Children Need To Acquire A Second Language? Do Children1733 Words   |  7 PagesDo children need to acquire a second language? Do children need to learn? It is true that learning another language takes time and dedications. Also, people may think that learning a foreign language leads to confusion and especially for children. Parents start being afraid that their children’s brains will get affected by learning another language, and they think that their brains will grow slowly by attempting to acquire a different language. However, being bilingual is helpful to improve the listeningRead MoreLearning A Second Language At A Young Age1243 Words   |  5 Pagesable to fluently speak two languages is a very demanding and competitive skill. The capability to articulate thoughts to people who may not speak the same primary language as you is very profitable not only in the work force, but also in everyday life. Learning a second language also helps to shorten cultural gaps between different countries. With the seemingly increased importance in learning a second language, schools nationwide have implemented learning a foreign language as a requirement, for graduationRead Mo reHow Human Beings Learn Languages1562 Words   |  7 PagesHow human beings learn languages is one of the most interesting processes that have been discussed by several scholars. The process through which human beings learn language is known as language acquisition, and it is a process that begins from the infancy stage. Different studies have been completed to highlight the process that human beings undergo to acquire language, specifically those who learn more than one language. These are the studies that this paper will analyze using the two articlesRead MoreLanguage Acquisition : Study Of How Humans Acquire A Set Of Semantic, Syntactic And Phonological Categories Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage Acquisition Language acquisition is the study of how humans acquire a set of semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological categories and rules that underlie their ability to speak and understand the language to which they are exposed. (Parker and Riley, 2005) Language is an understanding that truly makes us human. Yes, other species do communicate with an innate ability to produce a limited number of meaningful words, but there is no other species that can express sentences withRead MoreHuman Language Is A Wonderful Way With Communicate1420 Words   |  6 PagesHuman language is a wonderful way to communicate. Sometimes I think what this world would be like with any languages. It is even more wonderful that in three fast short years a child can hear, mimic, explore, practice, and, learn language. There is no genetic thing that leads a child to speak English or Spanish or any other language. Language is something person has be to learned. We are born with the capacity to make 40 sounds and our genetics allows our brain to make differences between sounds

How To Use the Common Spanish Verb ‘Tener’

The everyday Spanish verb tener, usually translated as to have, is particularly useful. Not only is it used to indicate possession, it is also used in a variety of idiomatic expressions to indicate emotions or states of being. Note that when tener means to have, it does so in the sense of meaning to possess or to own. The equivalent of the English auxiliary verb to have, as in you have seen, is haber (as in has visto, you have seen). Using Tener To Mean ‘To Have Most of the time, tener is used in much the same way as to have is in English. Depending on the context, it can also be translated using using synonyms such as to possess and to own: Tengo tres hijos. (I have three children.)Tiene un coche casi nuevo con una garantà ­a fuerte. (He owns an almost new car with a strong guarantee.)Antes de la guerra, tenà ­a tres casas. (Before the war, she possessed three houses.)Tuvimos cuatro campeones en el mismo momento. (We had four champions at the same time.)En 2016 Paulina no tenà ­a carnà © de conducir. (In 2016 Paulina didnt have a drivers license.)No tenemos suficientes bosques en el planeta. (We dont have enough forests on our planet.) ¿Crees que tendremos una mujer presidente? (Do you believe we will have a female president?) Tener can similar be used similarly as to have even when it is used figuratively or referring to nonphysical things: Espero que tengas una buena excusa. (I hope you have a good excuse.)Mi amigo tiene dificultad para pronunciar las palabras espaà ±olas. (My friend has difficulty in pronouncing Spanish words.)Cada là ­der debe tener una visià ³n de lo que podrà ­a ser. (Every leader should have a vision of what could be.) Idiomatic Uses of Tener Expressions using tener are also quite common. Many of them would not be understood by English speakers to indicate possession, although they often can be thought of as referring to to the having of various emotions and feelings. For example, tener hambre, would be translated literally as to have hunger, although it would normally be understood as to be hungry. The following listing, which is far from complete, shows some of the common expressions or idioms using tener: tener ____ aà ±os (to be ____ years old): (Tiene 4 aà ±os. She is 4 years old.)no tener antecedentes (to be unprecedented): La crisis venezolana no tiene antecedentes. (The Venezuelan crisis is unprecedented.)no tener arreglo (to be beyond repair): Siento que esta semana no tiene arreglo. (I feel this week is beyond repair.)tener calor (to be or to feel hot):  ¿Tienes calor? (Are you hot?)tener cuidado (to be careful):  ¡Ten cuidado! (Be careful!)tener dolor (to have a pain, to be in pain): Hay muchos excelentes remedios para dolor de cabeza. (There are many excellent remedies for a headache.)tener la culpa (to be at fault): Mi madre dice que tengo la culpa. (My mother says its my fault.)tener efecto (to have an effect, to be in effect):  La patente dejà ³ de tener efecto antes de que el dispositivo comenzara a ser utilizado a gran escala. (The patent went out of effect before the device began to be used on a large scale.)tener à ©xito (to be successful): Mi hermano tiene m ucho à ©xito. (My brother is very successful.)tener frà ­o (to be or feel cold): Los exploradores tendrà ¡n frà ­o. (The explorers will be cold.)tener hambre (to be hungry): Los nià ±os siempre tienen hambre. (The children are always hungry.)tenerlo fà ¡cil (to have it easy): Los dos equipos no lo tienen fà ¡cil. (The two teams dont have it easy.)tener miedo (to be afraid): El paracaidista no tenà ­a miedo. (The parachute jumper wasnt afraid.)tener prisa (to be in a hurry): Mi hija nunca tiene prisa. (My daughter is never in a hurry.)tener que infinitive (to have to): Tengo que salir. (I have to leave.)tener razà ³n, no tener razà ³n (to be right, to be wrong): Tengo razà ³n. No tienes razà ³n. (Im right. Youre wrong.)tener sed (to be thirsty): El camello no tiene sed. (The camel isnt thirsty.)tener suerte (to be lucky): Los ganadores tenà ­an suerte. (The winners were lucky.) Conjugation of Tener Like many other commonly used verbs, tener is irregular. Following are the conjugations for the most common indicative tenses. Irregular conjugations are indicated by boldface. The only other verbs that follow the same conjugation pattern as tener are verbs based on tener, such as mantener (to maintain) and sostener (to sustain). Note that these verb forms can be translated in other ways if the context calls for it. Present tense: yo tengo (I have), tà º tienes (you have), à ©l/ella/usted tiene (he/she has, you have), nosotros tenemos (we have), vosotros tenà ©is (you have), ellos/ustedes tienen (they/you have).Preterite tense: yo tuve (I had), tà º tuviste (you had), à ©l/ella/usted tuvo (he/she/you had), nosotros tuvimos (we had), vosotros tuvisteis (you have), ellos/ustedes tuvieron (they/you have).Imperfect tense: yo tenà ­a (I used to have), tà º tenà ­as (you used to have), à ©l/ella/usted tenà ­a (he/she/you used to have), nosotros tenà ­amos (we used to have), vosotros tenà ­ais (you used to have), ellos/ustedes tenà ­an (they/you used to have).Future tense: yo tendrà © (I will have), tà º tendrà ¡s (you will have), à ©l/ella/usted tendrà ¡ (he/she/you will have), nosotros tendremos (we will have), vosotros tendrà ©is (you will have), ellos/ustedes tendrà ¡n (they/you will have). Key Takeaways Tener usually means to have in the sense of to possess, but not have when it is used as an auxiliary verb.Tener is highly irregular, not using the same conjugation as any other verb other than those that derive from tener.A wide variety of phrases use tener in which it frequently is used for indicating emotions and various personal feelings.

Why is Dai Williams working to build a Japanese Restaurant Free Essays

In this essay I am going to examine the reasons why Dai Williams has been working to build a Japanese restaurant. I am going to discuss in detail the decline of the coal industry, the location of the Sony factory and what services the Japanese brought with them for their benefits. Before Dai Williams started work on the Japanese Restaurant, he was a miner in the local coal mines. We will write a custom essay sample on Why is Dai Williams working to build a Japanese Restaurant? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These coal mines were located in South Wales, Bridgend, and due to the decline Dai Williams along with many other people became unemployed. Location of the coal mines The decline of the coal industry was mainly due to the increase in Petroleum and Natural Gas, but another cause was the World War 2. During 1939 – 1945 the coal industry went down as men were sent to go and fight. In 1955 the demand for the coal industry never picked up again; and soon the requirements went extremely down. WW2 Begins WW2 ends Coal was also cheaper to import from abroad, so during the mid 1980s there was competition between Welsh mines and foreign importers. This meant that it was harder for the welsh mines to sell their coal. Soon after oil-fired stations were opened to supply power instead of coal mines. Most of the population was very skilled in mining and due to the decrease there was a mass of unemployment. The Bridgend Sony Factory was opened in 1973 and created hundreds of jobs; people were brought from Japan and people were employed from South Wales, this was good as there was a mass group of employment in Wales at that time of the decline in coal industry. The Sony factory was located in Bridgend; this was a good location as the M4 had just been built which connected South Wales to the Capital of England, London and many other big cities. This made it easier for Sony to sell their products as they could travel to all the big cities and people would also come to South Wales and buy there products. It was also near a port which made it easier and cheaper for Sony to import and export goods abroad. There was also a big demand for colour TVs in the UK and abroad which gave Sony huge advantages and profits. Sony then brought another site in Pencoed; this again created more jobs and again was to be found in a perfect location which was next to the M4 motorway and near a port. Location of the New Sony Factory Location of the Sony Factory. Many Japanese families settled into the area of Bridgend. People like Megan Jones benefited from the Sony factory. Megan Jones was employed to start working as a remote control assembler at the remote control factory; this benefited her as she was introduced to a new culture and even liked the Japanese food. To accommodate the needs of the Japanese, they brought along the services they enjoy in Japan, such as food and sport. A golf course was opened for the owner of Sony, which is Mr Ishiguru. This is a very common sport in Japan and when was brought to the UK, local people also started to engage themselves in this sport. Mrs Ishiguru also opened up a food co-operative which distributes Japanese food to the local community. This again attracts the local people to the Japanese culture. In conclusion to all this I think that Dai Williams is looking to build a Japanese culture because of the vast amount of Japanese families who have come over to Wales. It helps them adapt to this environment and helps the Wales population adapt to the Japanese. I think that in the future there will be an increase in coal again as other resources may start to decrease and run out. How to cite Why is Dai Williams working to build a Japanese Restaurant?, Papers

Contemporary Health Issues Obesity and Overweight †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Health Issues Obesity and Overweight. Answer: Introduction Obesity and overweight are abnormal fat accumulation in the body that may impact the health of a person. Obesity and overweight are the most serious challenges facing public health sectors globally in the 21st century. The problem is rising steadily and largely affecting many low and middle-income countries(Prentice, 2006). Findings show that nearly one-third of the worlds population is suffering from obesity or overweight. According to Caballero (2007), obesity is a problem affecting people of all ages and income everywhere across the globe. Despite the increasing rates of obesity, no single country has realized success in reducing obesity rates. Besides, there is a likelihood of the obesity rates to increases among the low and middles class countries as their incomes continue to rise if urgent measures are not taken to address the issue(Malik, Willett , Hu, 2012). The countries largely affected by the obesity and overweight problems comprises of the United States, China, and India(Caballero, 2007). Among children and teenagers, obesity has been increasing steadily. The childhood obesity is rising rampantly among the low and middle-income countries. Additionally, developed nations experience obesity cases whereby boys register significant cases than girls. Over centuries, human beings have been struggling to overcome the problems of food scarcity. However, recently, the issue of food scarcity has become questionable as a result of increasing rates of obesity and overweight cases in different parts of the world. Ideally, obesity is a condition that is associated with high socioeconomic status. This explains why obesity conditions were widespread in the developed countries such as the United States and Europe in the 20th century. However, in the 21st century, the trend has changed, and obesity health-related challenges are quite high developing c ountries such as Thailand, China, Mexico, India, and others(Malik, Willett, Hu, 2012). Size, Nature, and Distribution of Obesity and Overweight Problems The first obesity cases in the developing world were associated with the higher socioeconomic class. However, the World Health Organization report indicates that the trend has shifted to the lower socioeconomic class. For example, the survey from Brazil shows that in 1989 the cases of obesity were widespread among the populations of the higher socioeconomic class, but ten years later the overweight issues were highly reported among the lower socioeconomic class populations(World Health Organization, 2016). The World Health Organization attributes these problems in the developing countries to the existence of households with undernourished child and an overweight adult, a condition known as dual burden of disease. Obesity and overweight are prevalent in all population groups. However, the cases vary in different population groups. As noted earlier one-third of the world population is suffering from obese and overweight health related problems. The United States leads with the 13 percent of the children and young adults suffering from obesity. Egypt leads with the adults the highest percentage of adults with obesity(Meera, 2017). The World Health Organization released in 2015 indicate that 2.2 billion people are either obese or they are experiencing overweight problems. Out of 2.2 billion people, 710 million were classified as obese with 5 percent of the children and 12 percent of adults falling in this category(Meera, 2017). Despite the fact that the adults register high levels of obesity than the children, the research shows the trend is shifting to children. This has raised concern about the obesity-related risks if measures are not undertaken to counteract the problem. The increment of obesity among the children is largely evidenced in large population sizes especially in India and China. The two countries have 14.4 million and 15.3 million obese children respectively. On the other side, the United States has the highest number of obese adults as exhibited by 79. 4 million people, 35 percent of the population followed by China with 57.3 million people. Bangladesh and Vietnam experience the lowest obesity rates each with 1 percent(Meera, 2017). The analysis of this World Health Organization report portrays that failure to employ appropriate measures to control the alarming rates of obesity, the world will be greatly affected especially by the new cases being evidenced among low and middle-income countries. Alternatively, obesity and overweight levels have risen in all countries irrespective of the socioeconomic status. This means that this health problem is not associable with the developed world only but also developing economies. Therefore, it is high time the world employed appropriate approaches of stimulating the public on how to control the phenomenon. Effects of Obesity and Overweight The high levels of obesity and overweight among different population groups represent the different diseases associated with these health ailments. The World Health Organization report observes that researchers have been raising the alarm on the increasing rates of obesity without creating awareness to the public on how being overweight can be fatal. According to WHO 2015 report, 70 percent deaths related to overweight were due to cardiovascular diseases(Meera, 2017). Additionally, diabetes was confirmed as the second leading cause of death. With the improved medical services, the cases of the cardiovascular disease have increased, but the number of deaths has reduced. This is an indication that people are not worried by being obese or overweight provided there will be clinical interventions that will guarantee them better health. However, it has gone unforgotten that the clinical intervention services are very expensive especially for the low and middle-income countries(World Health Organization, 2011). This means the cases of reporting high deaths resulting from the developing world is high. Leading Health Determinants of Obesity and Overweight The earlier discussion on obesity and overweight has proved the two issues are widespread among the developing world countries. Therefore, it would be important to look at the general causes of these health-related issues in the developing countries before going deep to explore the specific causes. Of the most factors causing obesity and overweight in the developing countries, urbanization and globalization dominate(Caballero, 2007). Urban living standards have a profound impact on energy balance. Usually, urban living is associated with the lower energy requirements than the rural living. This means the energy that the rural dwellers use in the manual labor for the urban dwellers it is preserved(Sartorius, Veerman, Manyema, Chola, Hofman, 2015). Therefore, the energy intake among the urban populations do not to match energy output. On the globalization aspect, modern commerce has penetrated in the developing world through marketing as well as food production. As a result, there has been an increase in the production of the less costly food and energy-dense foods in the emerging economies. Marketing campaigns and pricing strategies have played very crucial role in food purchasing patterns in the developing countries. In return, the households have turned on consumption of energy-dense foods. This is happening without engaging in activities that will facilitate energy expenditure and hence contributing to weight gain among the adults(Caballero, 2007). The eating trends are being transferred in the rural areas where the cases of obesity and overweight are being reported especially among the women. Ideally, obesity and overweight occur as a result of energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Globally, there has been increasing trend of energy-dense food intake and a decline in physical activities(Orpin, 2014). Besides, genetics and personal environment have been listed as the major causes of obesity and overweight. Reduced physical activities among the human race means that people do not burn all the calories they undertake. This contributes to imbalance resulting in the weight gain. Additionally, the environment surrounding people influences how they will maintain their healthy weight. For instance, in the urban settings and areas where people are likely to consume energy-dense foods, and there are no affordable gyms or sidewalks, there will be a high probability of them being affected by overweight problems. In developed parts of the world such as the United States, there are increased trends of oversized food portions with high calories intake(Popkin, 2015). This makes it difficult even for the physical activities to burn all the calories taken. In addition, food marketing campaigns influence people to purchase unhealthy foods, for example, sugary drinks and high-fat snacks. Genetics has also been found to play a crucial role in the obesity cases being witnessed across the globe. The medical research confirms that genes can directly cause obesity disorders such as PraderWillis Syndrome(Popkin, 2015). This forms one of the greatest challenges in controlling the rates of obesity. Besides, these genes may also have the upper hand in contributing to weight gain. When supplemented with high calories intake, a person will experience both obesity and weight gain at the same time. With genes being a major cause of some of the obesity and overweight cases it will be hard to control the problems. This is because of the possibility to transfer the genes from one generation to another as well as complex interaction among multiple genes and environmental factors that have remained misunderstood for long. Barriers and Opportunities for Preventions Barriers As much as there have been plans and programs to end obesity and overweight health-related issues, still exist hurdles that have been hampering the efforts. According to Abolhassani, et al. (2012) 2016 the participants that engage in weight reduction exercises experience barriers such as lack of time for exercise, lack of family and work support, lack of motivation and physical problems. In addition,(Rodrguez-Ventura, Pelaez-Ballestas, Smano-Smano, 2014) has found that limitation to weight loss is caused by preference to buy fast food, economic limitations, inadequate or lack of understanding of the effects of being overweight, poor understanding of healthy diet and habits and limited time to buy healthy food. The two types of research attribute these factors as the major obstacles derailing the efforts to fight obesity and overweight problems in the global arena. Opportunities Despite the existence of the barriers to the prevention of obesity and overweight, some strategies and approaches can be employed to facilitate the reduction of these health problems. These strategies can be grouped into state and local programs, community efforts and healthy living. At both state and local level, resources should be provided to ensure consistent public health recommendations that will make sure people maintain a healthy weight. Secondly, the community should integrate its efforts by supporting healthy eating habits that are characterized by active living. Thirdly, the observance of the healthy living through weight assessment, healthy weight and engaging in physical activity basics will help in counteracting the increasing alarming obesity and overweight rates globally. Conclusion Obesity and overweight are just like any other health global problems. However, the challenge remains that they are problems that can be controlled but the human race has failed to so. Besides, these health problems are no longer associable with the higher socioeconomic class. This is evidenced by the prevalent shift of obesity and overweight cases on the low and middle-income classes in the developing countries. This calls for the intervention to end these problems before they become rampant. References Abolhassani, S., Sarrafzadegan, N., Irani, M. D., Sarrafzadegan, N., Rabiei, K., Shahrokhi, S. (2012). Barriers and facilitators of weight management in overweight and obese people: Qualitative findings of TABASSOM project. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 17(3), 205210. Caballero, B. (2007). The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview. Epidemiologic Reviews(1), 15. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm012 Malik, Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B. (2012). Global obesity: trends, risk factors, and policy implications. PubMed, 9(1), 13-27. doi:10.1038/nrendo Meera, S. (2017, June 12). One-third of the world now overweight, with the US leading the way. Retrieved from Cable News Network: https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/12/health/global-obesity-study/index.html Orpin, E. (2014, August 8). More than a health issue: addressing the social determinants of obesity. Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/more-than-a-health-issue-addressing-the-social-determinants-of-obesity-29945 Popkin, B. M. (2015). Technology, transport, globalization and the nutrition transition food policy. Food Policy, 31(6), 554-569. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.02.008 Prentice, A. M. (2006). The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 9399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi272 Rodrguez-Ventura, A. L., Pelaez-Ballestas, I., Smano-Smano, R. (2014). Barriers to Lose Weight from the Perspective of Children with Overweight/Obesity and Their Parents: A Sociocultural Approach. Journal of Obesity, 22-30. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/575184 Sartorius, B., Veerman, L. J., Manyema, M., Chola, L., Hofman, K. (2015). Determinants of Obesity and Associated Population Attributability, South Africa: Empirical Evidence from a National Panel Survey, 2008-2012. PLoS One, 10(6), e0130218. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130218 World Health Organization. (2011, April ). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010/en/ World Health Organization. (2016, June 2). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

Fdi in Indian Retail Sector free essay sample

What is FDI Foreign direct investment (FDI) in its classic form is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. It is the establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner. Its definition can be extended to include investments made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor. What is Retailing Retailing is a distribution channel function where one organization buys products from supplying firms or manufactures the product themselves, and then sells these directly to consumers. A retailer is a reseller (i. . , obtains product from one party in order to sell to another) from which a consumer purchases products. Indian Retail Sector Indian retail industry is the largest industry in India, with an employment of around 8% and contributing to over 10% of the countrys GDP. According to this year’s Global Retail Development Index, India is positioned as the leading destination for retail investment. We will write a custom essay sample on Fdi in Indian Retail Sector or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are about 300 new malls, 1,500 supermarkets and 325 departmental stores being built in the cities very soon. The Indian retail sector is now worth about $250bn (? 140bn) a year, but it is heavily underdeveloped. Well over 95% of the market is made up of small, uncomputerised family-run stores. Now there are finally signs that the Indian government is dropping its traditionally protectionist stance and opening up its retail market to greater overseas investment. Recently it eased restrictions on foreign investment, allowing overseas retailers to own 51% of outlets as long as they sell only single-brand goods. A shopping revolution is ushering in India where, a large population between 20-34 age groups in the urban regions is boosting demand by 11. 1 percent in 2004-05 to an Rs 23,308 purchasing power. This has resulted in huge international retail investment and a more liberal FDI. Evolution of Indian Retail The era of Indian retail began with weekly markets and village fairs, which catered to the daily necessities of villagers. Village fairs were larger in size with a wide variety of goods sold from food, clothing, cosmetics and small consumer durables. Then came the emergence of Kirana stores and mom-and-pop stores. These stores used to cater to the local people. This was followed by the era of government supported rural retail and many indigenous franchise stores came up with the help of Khadi Village Industries Commission. The KVIC has a countrywide chain of 7000 plus stores in India. The Modern era has a host of small and large formats with exclusive outlets showcasing a complete range of products. The department stores and shopping malls targeting to provide a complete destination experience for all segments of the society. The hyper and super markets are consistently trying to provide the customer with the 3 Vs (Value, Variety and Volume). Classification of Indian Retail Sector The Indian retail sector is broadly classified into the organized sector (modern retailers) and the un-organized sector (traditional retailers). The organized sector refers to licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc and primarily consist of Hypermarkets, Supermarkets, Multi Brand Outlets, Department Stores, Malls and Discount Stores. The un-organized sector on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing requiring limited investment such as hand cart and pavement vendors, mobile vendors, the local kirana shops and local village fairs and melas. Categories of the Retail Sector The Indian retail sector is extremely fragmented, with over 12 million outlets across all sectors. These are typically small family owned over-the-counter stores with an average size of 100 square feet. Organised retail is mostly developed in segments such as clothing (14% organised), watches (40%) and footwear (25%). The major players in these sectors have set up labelled stores in order to differentiate their brands. However, some of the largest segments such as food (1% organised retail) and jewellery (2%) are barely organised, thus contributing to the low overall average. Fastest growing retail segment Watches and jewellery – 18% Furniture and fixtures – 27% Clothing – 55% Durables – 18% Food and grocery – 91%Pharmacy – 27% (Source: India’s Retail Survey 2005, KPMG) Estimated Growth in 4 largest segments (US $ mn): 20022007CAGR* (%) Food †¢ Chain stores †¢ Single large stores391 326 651624 1462 16233% 35% 20% Clothing †¢ Manufacturer retailers †¢ Chain stores †¢ Single large stores1075 293 315 4672266 590 852 824 16% 15% 22% 12% Consumer durables †¢ Manufacturer retailers †¢ Chain stores †¢ Single large stores 359 141 98 120 822 284 298 24018% 15% 25% 15% Books Music †¢ Chain stores †¢ Single large stores 97 54 43 310 22 10826% 30 20% Source: Economic Times Retail Knowledge Series Compound annual growth rate Changing Indian Consumer Over the years, as a result of the increasing literacy in the country, exposure to the west, satellite television, foreign magazines and newspapers, there is a significant increase of consumer awareness among the Indians. Today more and more consumers are selective on the quality of the products/services. This awareness has made the Indian consumers seek more and more reliable sources for purchases such as organized retail chains that have a corporate background and where the accountability is more pronounced. The consumer also seeks to purchase from a place where his/her feedback is more valued. Indian consumers are now more aware and discerning, and are knowledgeable about technology, products and the market and are beginning to demand benefits beyond just availability of a range of products that came from ‘trusted’ manufacturers. Purchasing power of Indian urban consumer is growing and branded merchandise in categories like Apparels, Cosmetics, Shoes, Watches, Beverages, Food and even Jewellery, are slowly becoming lifestyle products that are widely accepted by the urban Indian consumer. Shopping in India has witnessed a revolution with the change in the consumer buying behaviour and the whole format of shopping also altering. Industry of retail in India which has become modern and can be seen from the fact that there are multi- stored malls, huge shopping centres, and sprawling complexes which offer food, shopping, and entertainment all under the same roof. India’s Top Retailers Pantaloon Retail (India) It is headquartered in Mumbai with 450 stores across the country employing more than 18,000 people. It can boast of launching the first hypermarket Big Bazaar in India in 2001. An all-India retail space of 5 million sq. ft. which is expected to reach 30 mn by 2010. It is not only the largest retailer in India with a turnover of over Rs. 20 billion but is present across most retail segments Food grocery (Big bazaar, Food bazaar), Home solutions (Hometown, furniture bazaar, collection-i), consumer electronics (e-zone), shoes (shoe factory), Books: music gifts (Depot), Health Beauty care services (Star, Sitara and Health village in the pipeline), e-tailing (Futurbazaar. com), entertainment (Bowling co. ) K Raheja Group They forayed into retail with Shopper’s Stop, India’s first departmental store in 2001. It is the only retailer from India to become a member of the prestigious Intercontinental Group of Departmental Stores (IGDS). They have signed a 50:50 joint venture with the Nuance Group for Airport Retailing. Shoppers Stop has 7, 52, 00 sq ft of retail space with a turnover of Rs 6. 75 billion. The group has announced plans to establish a network of 55 hypermarkets across India with sales expected to cross the US$100 million mark by 2010. Lifestyle Growing from one store in Bahrain in 1973, the NRI-led Landmark Group today operates over 5 million sq ft in the Middle East and India. The group’s first Lifestyle store in India opened in Chennai in 1999. Now it has 325,000 sq ft in Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Gurgaon and Mumbai. Its first hypermarket, branded as ‘Max’, is expected to open soon. Reliance Retail Mukesh Ambani’s 15,000-people Reliance Retail has opened 250 convenience stores, branded as ‘Fresh’, across the southern states. It is now planning to launch 30 such outlets in Mumbai. Reliance Retail plans to invest Rs 25,000 crore on hypermarkets, supermarkets and specialty stores in the next four years. The first hypermarket will be up in Ahmadabad by the end of July. Aditya Birla Retail The company, which will operate under the brand ‘More’, has selected two formats — hypermarkets and supermarkets — for its initial foray. The first store has opened in Pune. Last January, the company acquired Trinethra Super Retail, which has given it more than 5,00,000 sq ft and a strong presence in the South. The Birla’s outlay for the business over the next three years is Rs 9,000 crore. Anticipated Growth of Indian Retail Sector India has been topping the AT Kearneys annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) for three consecutive years, thus presenting itself as an attractive market for retail investment. The Indian retail market is the fifth largest retail destination globally. According to leading industry estimates, the Indian retail is estimated to grow from the US$ 412 billion in 2008 to US$ 483 billion by 2010 and $860 billion by 2018. In the same manner; modern retail, presently accounting for 4 per cent of the total market, is likely to increase its share to 25 per cent by 2018. The future outlook of the Indian retail market appears to be bright, with Euro monitor expecting the Indian Retail market to grow in value terms by a total of 39. 6 per cent between 2006 and 2011, averaging growth of almost 7 per cent a year. BMI (Business Monitor International) is anticipating the strongest growth in India’s hypermarket sector, with sales set to grow by an explosive 1025% to reach US$1. 35bn in 2011. Supermarket sales will increase by 119. 1%, discount stores by 242. 9% and convenience stores by 134. 1%. Reasons for Growth This anticipated growth of the Indian retail sector is owing to the following factors, which include favourable demographics, rising consumer incomes, real estate developments, availability of better sourcing options both from within India and overseas and changing lifestyle. The retail sector in India is highly fragmented and unorganised and two thirds of the sector’s output coming from this area which require minimal rental costs, cheap labour and negligible overheads and taxes, these factors of the unorganized retail sector is reasons for growth of the entire retail sector. India is witnessing a change in the age and income profiles of its over 1 billion population, which is likely to fuel accelerated consumption in the years to come. Besides, the gradual disintegration of the traditional Indian joint family system has led to nuclearisation of families, which in turn has led to enhanced demand. More Indian households are getting added to the consuming class with the growth in income levels. This large base of households with growing disposable income is expected to drive demand for organised retail. In addition increase in the number of international brands available in the Indian market, economic implications of the government, increasing urbanization, credit availability, improvement in the infrastructure, increasing investments in technology and real estate building a world class shopping environment for the consumers, falling real estate prices, increase in expenditure for luxury items have all reasons for growth of the sector. FDI in Indian Retail Sector FDI in India are approved through two routes: ?Automatic approval by RBI Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) recommendation’s of FDI FDI in India was initiated in 1992, streamlining of the procedures and substantial liberalization has been done since 1995. India at present allows 100% FDI in the wholesale cash-and-carry business (operating on a basis of cash payment for goods that are taken away by the purchaser) and 51% FDI in single-brand retailing. No foreign equity, however, is permitted in multi-brand reta iling these companies are only allowed to give logistical support to domestic multi-brand retail companies. As FDI’s influence on the Indian retail sector sets in, the total size of the retail trade is expected to grow extensively in the coming years and the consumer segments patronizing the big malls will create frenzy for organized retailing predicting a growth of 25-30 per cent per annum over the next decade. Indian retail chains would get integrated with global supply chains since FDI will bring in technology, quality standards and marketing thereby, leading to new economic opportunities and creating more employment generation. FDI over the years in the Indian retail sector has seen an impressive growth. In 2007-08, India’s FDI touched US$ 25 billion, up 56 per cent against US$ 15. 7 billion in 2006-07. In 2005-06, the growth was even sharper at 184 per cent, up from US$ 5. 5 billion in 2004-05. Projections say that the country will attract US$ 35 billion in FDI in 2008-09 (as per data released by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry). Investment in Indian Retail Sector *2008-09 projected figures; Figures in US $ billion International Retailers in India International retail brands like Wal-Mart, GAP, JC Penney and Target have doubled their sourcing operations from India. Since quotas were dismantled early last year, new entrants like Steve Barry’s are cashing in on the cost advantage and setting up their entire operations in India. Put together, Wal-Mart, JC Penney, GAP and Target account for 50% of the apparel outsourced from India in ’05. While Target, the US-based value retail chain is looking to triple its business from India to $300m from $120m in ’03, GAP is looking to touch about $650m, from $500m last year. Wal-Mart already outsources over $1bn worth of supplies from India. These companies are now rationalising their vendor bases and limiting their sourcing from fewer countries like India and China. India is specialising in value-added products unlike China which produces larger volumes. American retail chain Steve Barry’s University Sportswear has made India its procurement hub since ’01 through its affiliate company 4004 Incorporated. They supply about 20m units annually to the company, and are able to cut costs by 40-60%. Mast Industries, which procures for the $2bn Limited Brands which includes Victoria’s Secret, The Limited, Express and Bath Body Works among others, does $40m worth of business from India. It is looking to double its business in the next year. French Connection, UK (FCUK) is also sourcing 30m worth of apparel from India, which accounts for 35% of its business. A number of these retail chains are already eyeing the Indian market, and once they are allowed it would help them to further increase their sourcing from India. Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment in the Indian Retail Sector Gradual opening up of the retail segment for FDI wil l work to the advantage to government, consumers and existing retailers in the following manner. ?Generate huge employment for the semi-skilled as well as illiterate population, which will ultimately increase the per capita income and increased tax paying population. Indirect employment generation channel by training and employing people in the transportation and distribution sectors such as drivers, mechanics etc. ?Increased investment in technology in the form of cold storage chains, food processing sector as well as better operations in production cycle and distribution will decrease the wastage to a considerable mount. ?Traditional retailers can use this situation in their favour by taking franchisees of the mega players of this industry. ?The indirect benefits like better roads, online marketing, expansion of telecom sector etc. ill give a ‘big push’ to other sectors like agriculture, small and medium size enterprises. ?The consumer gains from the wide variety of c hoices and a more diversified basket of prices available under one roof. ?The huge tax revenue generated from these retail giants will gradually wipe out the ugly looking fiscal and revenue deficits. ?The transaction in foreign currencies by these MNCs will create a balance in exchange rate and will bring in stable funds in the economy as opposed to FIIs. ?Gains would flow from higher exports when the global chains are allowed in other sectors such as readymade garments. As for monopolistic pricing practices, the best safeguard would be in permitting all global chains to set up shops. The competition among them (as has happened in the automobile industry) would ensure better prices for consumers and suppliers alike. Role of government in the Indian Retail Sector Despite the benefits received by the government from the retail sector, which is illustrated by the below figure, The government has no plans to change the present policy on foreign direct investment in retail, as it seeks to afeguard small retailers from adverse impact of growing organised retail. Policy makers say retail is the second largest employer after agriculture and the government does not want to antagonise the labour-intensive sector, particularly at a time when the economy is facing a slowdown. Concerns Regarding FDI ?Foreign Players would displace the unorganized retailers because of their superior financial strengths. ?The entry of large global retailers such as Wal-Mart would k ill local shops and millions of jobs. The global retailers would collude and exercise monopolistic power and promote cartels to raise prices and reduce the prices received by the suppliers where by both the consumers and the suppliers would lose, while the profit margins of such retail chains would go up. ?Induce unfair trade practices like predatory pricing, in the absence of proper regulatory guidelines. ?Give rise to cut throat competition rather than promoting incremental business. It would lead to lopsided growth in cities, causing discontent and social tension elsewhere. Increase in real estate prices and marginalize domestic entrepreneurs. Most competitive spot in Indian Retailing The most competitive spot in present retailing is definitely the food and mobile communication. There is a huge competition in both of these. As the modern retail sector in India is reflected in sprawling shopping centres, multiplex- malls and huge commercial complexes offer shopping, food and enter tainment all under one roof, the concept of shopping has changed in terms of new trends and consumer buying behaviour, lead to a revolution in retail sector or shopping in India. The market players continuously come up with the offer of lowest possible price to drive sales and to survive in the cut throat competition. Some of the major players in food retailing are- Reliance Fresh, Kishore Biyanis Food Bazaar, Aditya Birla Groups, Piramyds Tru Mart, ITCs Choupal, Subhiksha and many more. The major players in the newly discovered and rapidly growing mobile retailing based on advanced retailing formats include- Vodafone Essars Mobile Store, Bharti telecom, Spice Telecoms Hot Spot, Future Groups M- Bazaar, Reliance Info comm. Subhiksha Mobile, Tata Indicom and many more. Why India as a FDI Destination The trends that are driving the growth of the retail sector in India are ? Low share of organized retailing ?Falling real estate prices ?Increase in disposable income and customer aspiration ?Increase in expenditure for luxury items Other credible factor in the prospects of the retail sector in India is the increase in the young working population. In India, hefty pay packets, nuclear families in urban areas, along with increasing working-women population and emerging opportunities in the services sector. These key factors have been the growth drivers of the organized retail sector in India. Future Steps of FDI in Indian Retail Sector India has emerged as the most attractive destination for global retailers amongst emerging markets. The government is now set to initiate a second wave of reforms in the segment by liberalizing investment norms further. This will not only favour the retail sector develop in terms of design concept, construction quality and providing modern amenities but will also help in creating a consumer-friendly environment. Retail industry in India is at the crossroads but the future of the consumer markets is promising as the market is growing, government policies are becoming more favourable and emerging technologies are facilitating operations in India. And this upsurge in the retail industry has made India a promising destination for retail investors and at the same time has impelled investments in the real estate sector. As foreign investors cautiously test the Indian Markets for investments in the retail sector, local companies and joint ventures are expected to be more advantageously positioned than the purely foreign ones in the evolving Indias organized retailing industry. CASE STUDY: BHARTI-WALMART DEAL Indias Bharti group and Wal-Mart, the worlds largest retailer, opened their first cash-and-carry joint venture store on an investment of $7 million. They also plan to open at least 15 outlets across the country in the next three years. The stores will be run under the brand name of Best Price Modern Wholesale. It will offer an assortment of around 6,000 items, including food and non-food items, at competitive wholesale prices. Over 90 per cent of the goods will be sourced locally, helping keep down costs. This deal will provide employment for 5,000 people. They are planning to establish ventures in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. In addition, Bharti Enterprises’ 100% subsidiary Bharti Retail, that will own and manage the retail stores, has entered into a franchise agreement with Wal-Mart which will provide technical support to Bharti Retail. Bharti Wal-Mart Private Limited will bring modern supply chain and back-end logistics expertise to India, bringing Wal-Mart’s global best practices in such areas as just-in-time inventory, retail information systems, cold chain infrastructure, GPS for truck and trailer tracking, and fuel management systems. This deal is a paradigm to say that India is alluring the top foreign brands to invest in the retail sector and is turning out to be a hot spot for retail investment. Conclusion: The retail industry in India has a very bright future prospect. It is expected to enrich the Indian economy and employment generation. Investing in organised retail sector in India is a beneficial scheme for an investor. The Retail industry is going to be the next boom industry after IT. Indian retail chains would get integrated with global supply chains since FDI will bring in technology, quality standards and marketing thereby, leading to new economic opportunities and creating more employment generation.

legal position of directors Essay Example

legal position of directors Essay Example legal position of directors Essay legal position of directors Essay LEGAL POSITION OF THE DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY Mrs. Kamya Rani Mrs. Sukhbir Kaurl A company is an artificial person created by law. It functions through human agents who are collectively called Board of Directors. They are termed as Trustees of the assets of the company who sees that company business is carried on in accordance with the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company. They decides policies of the company keeping in view the main objects for which the company was formed. Only an Individual is eligible for appointment as a Director of the company. There are various types of directors: 1 . Executive Directors i. e Managing Director, Whole time director 2. Non Executive Director Nominee Director Institutional Nominee Promotional Institutional Nominee Lending Institutional Nominee Holding company nominee Collaborator Nominee Government Nominee us. 48B Debenture holder Nominee Independent Director Others The individual cannot be a director for more than 15 public limited companies. The Directors of the company are custodians of the interest of the stakeholders which includes: (i) Employees Shareholders Creditors Customers Society It is not easy to explain the position that a director holds in a corporate enterprise. A director is not a servant of any master. He is the controller of the companys affairs. Director of a company is neither an employee nor a servant to the company. They are professional people who were hired by the company to direct its affairs. However there is no restriction under the Act, that a director cannot be an employee to the company. In Lee v. Lees Air Farming Ltd 1961 AC 12, it was held that, a director may, however, work as an employee in different capacity. There is no definite definition for irector under the Companies Act, 1956. Director includes any person who is occupying the position of a director, whatever name called. Director As Agents In Ferguson v. Wilson (1866) 2 Ch App 77, the court clearly recognised that directors are in the eyes of law, agents of the company. It was held that, the company has no person; it can act only through directors and the case is, as regards those directors, merely the ordinary case of a principal and agent. When the directors contract in the name, and on behalf of the company, it is the company which is liable on it and not the directors. In Elkington Co. v. Hurter 1892(2) CH 452, where the plaintiff supplied certain goods to a company tnrougn Its cnalrman, wno promlsea to Issue nlm a debenture for the price, but never did so and company went into liquidation, he was held not liable to the plaintiff. Similarly, a director was held to be personally not liable in a suit against a private chit fund company. Attachment of the property of the director was held to be not permissible. Like agents, directors have to disclose their personal interest, if any, in any transaction of the company. In Ray Cylinders Containers v. Hindustan General Industries Ltd(2001) 103 CC 161, held that, the directors are the agents of the institution and not of its individual members, except when that relationship arises due to the special facts of the case. Also granted permission to file a suit against a company was not allowed to be treated as permission against directors as well. In Sarathi Leasing Finance Ltd v. B Narayana Shetty(2006) 131 CC 798, the articles of association empowered the managing director to represent the company in legal proceedings. It was held that a further authorization was not necessary to enable im to file a complaint for dishonor of cheque under Sec. 138 of Negotiable Instrument Act. Directors are the agents of a company. They are acting on behalf of the company. So the directors cannot be held personally liable for any default of the company. It was held that, for a loan taken by a company, the directors, who had not given any personal guarantee to the creditor, could not be made liable merely because they were directors. Director As Trustees Directors are the trusties of the companys money, property and their powers and such must account for all the moneys over which they exercise control and shall efund any moneys improperly paid away, and shall exercise their powers honestly in the interest of the company and all the shareholders, and not their own sectional interest. To whom the directors are trustee? Whether to the company or to the individual shareholders. This principle was laid down in 1902 in Percival v. Wright, and still holds ground as a basic proposition. In this case the court held that, directors have no duty towards individual shareholders. From this it is very clear that, the directors are trustees to the company and not of individual shareholders. The principle of the case was reiterated in Peskin v. Anderson. Ordinarily the directors are not agents or trustees of members or shareholders and owe no fiduciary duties to them. However we have to take the decision of Allen v. Hyatt(1914) 30 TLR 444. It was held that, the directors are trustees of the profit for the benefit of the shareholders. They cannot always act under the impression that they owe no duty to the individual shareholders. But it is of no doubt that the primary duty of the director is to the company. Director As Organs Of Corporate Body The organic theory of corporate life treats certain officials as organs of the company, or whose action the company is held liable Just as a natural person is for the action of his limbs. Thus the modern directors are more than mere agents or trustees. The Board is also correctly recognised to be a primary organ of the company. Directors and managers represent the directing mind or will of the company and control what it does. The state of mind of these managers is the state of mind of the company and is treated by law as such. The practical effects of these rules are that the directors personal fault in the business of the company becomes the fault of the company; nelr reason to Delleve Is attrlDutea to tne company ana tne Intentlon to occupy a premises as expressed by their conduct is the intention of the company. CHANGES MADE BY THE NEW COMPANIES ACT, 2013 The 1956 Act prescribed minimum 2 directors for a private and 3 for a public company respectively to constitute a Board. This criterion has been retained by the new Act, but the maximum limit of directors on the Board has now been raised from 12 to 15. The Act has also removed the stringent compliance of securing prior Central Government approval for raising the number of directors beyond the prescribed limit nd, instead, a comparatively simpler method of approval by means of a special resolution of the shareholders has been introduced. Additionally, new changes include mandatory presence of independent directors on the Board of listed public companies and minimum one woman director in the case of certain class of companies to be notified later, thereby bringing more transparency and gender equality into the Board rooms. The legislation clearly defines the role of such independent directors and has a detailed Code for independent directors appended to it, which contains explicit guidelines for professional conduct, roles and esponsibilities of such directors. They are bound by this Code to play a role in the appointments, determination of remuneration and removal of executive directors, managers and key managerial personnel. In view of the fiduciary position held by directors, explicit provisions prescribing directors duties have been added to the new Act. These include keeping away from situations in which they have conflicting interest with that of the company, duty to make good in monetary terms any undue gain/advantage on the part of the directors etc. Independent directors: The provision o make companies have one-third of their board members as independent directors is fine in principle. Independent directors (IDs) are also more stringently defined, and their tenures will be limited to two terms adding up to 10 years. IDs can also hold a maximum of 20 directorships. The best thing about the new Companies Act is that it is simple, with greater clarity of intent and purpose. Sounds good? But there are pitfalls. For three reasons. First, how independent can IDs be when they are appointed and paid for by the promoters? Will promoters appoint truly independent people on boards? Second, are there enough persons available to be appointed as IDs? In theory, yes, because there are no qualifications for becoming an ID. But, in practice, once you tell the prospective person the responsibilities he will bear, the actual number of competent and willing IDs diminishes. Most IDs, in fact, end up adorning corporate boards without the time or commitment to work in the interests of shareholders. Third, if eligible IDs end up taking up 20 directorships each, how can they really serve each of those companies shareholders diligently? According to a CNBC TV18 report, AnalJit Singh of Max India, for example, attended only one out of 4 board meeting of Dabur in three years, before he resigned. How did he really help protect Daburs shareholder interests by remaining absent? The conclusion: it is good to have many IDs, but corporate governance will need a heavy dose of regulation too to complete the picture. Women directors: It is important for corporate boards to ensure gender diversity, but before that happens, a supply of women eligible for board positions needs to be created. According to GMI Ratings Women on Boards Survey 2013, even on the worlds best-known companies, women account for only 1 1 ercent 0T total alrectorsnlps. In Inala, a sample 0T BY companies witn more tnan S billion in market valuation, the women percentage is less than 7 percent. And we are talking only about the biggest companies here. Clearly, major efforts will have to be made to create more women directors, but before that there have to be more women reaching the top of the corporate hierarchy. The legislation should act as a spur to womens empowerment, but compliance could be years away. Refrences Company Law, Bangia Company Law, PranJape wmwmanupatra. com www. companylawreporter. com www. caclubindia. com

Life review paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life review paper - Essay Example This made him be highly esteemed by the public and his relations due to his advanced age. He is loved by the members of his family and receives plenty of attention from them. During his childhood, he gained the first experience of death; his father passed on when he was still young. This resulted in his mother being the lone breadwinner, who struggled to fend for him along with his kin. Despite this, he still regards his childhood as a happy one. The interviewee was in a lasting marriage of 56 years and has been living as a widower, since his wife’s demise 17 years ago. Then interviewee owned a farm and cultivated corn. This became his sole career throughout his life. He, however, is not conversant with what hobby he participates in, but is an avid saver and always comes up with methods of saving cash. He practices the catholic religion and is a believer of the Christian doctrines, he accepts as true that God and heaven exist. This is palpable in the actuality that he has faith that he will join up with his spouse in heaven (Birkeland et al. 2009). As the article highlights, the elderly people are faced with several constraints, mostly physical, as they find themselves unable to cope with other activities. However, although such physical constraints put limits on the elderly level of activity, it highlights that they managed to perform other activities, which were not physically demanding for their strength. It shows from the study conducted that the elderly people who suffered from chronic diseases and injuries managed to adapt to the situation by accepting their status and conditions. In the conversation with the researcher, the interviewee also admitted having accepted his situation as an elderly and further ascertained of his illness. He believes that aging is part of being human and explains that, although it is sad to be incapacitated, to do things that one loved doing, and depend on others to do them, it is part of life  and his destiny

Synthesis and analysis paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Synthesis and analysis paper - Assignment Example The major similarity amongst all these three rumor theories is that everything about a rumor is psychological and hence the reason why many tend to believe it to be true. They are a creation of the mind and hence can only be stopped by the mind once an individual or group loses their psychological perspective. The other similarity is that all the three authors agree that it is easier to spread than stop a rumor, once it is created it only grows and spreads even wider. Despite their similarities, the three rumor theories have their own differences. Knapp’s theory for example explains that rumor are caused and driven by an emotion humans may be having. These emotions are wish, fear as well as hostility (Behrens & Rosen 360). When an individual encounters any of the above emotions, he is bound to react through coming up with a rumor and spreading it to further protect and mask his true emotions. Unless the emotion behind the rumor is addressed, the rumors will keep on coming. DiFonzo however seems to differ about the source and cause of rumors. He explains that rumors are a creation of society to serve either personal or social purpose. Once this purpose is served, then the rumor ceases until the next personal or social need occurs. The extent of the rumor and its magnitude depends on the personal or social level. This is the same across groups as well not only individuals. Sunstein believes that rumors work in a cascading manner where the more it is spreading, the more people it is pulling in and the faster it continues to spread. They originate small but continue to spread and increase to the level of people starting to believe them to be true despite the half-truths it holds most of the time. He further indicates that this rumor can be used to effect positivity into humans in fields such as politics (Behrens & Rosen 390). There was a wide spread rumor a few years back through some of it

Visual Effects Development in Early Days

Visual Effects Development in Early Days Before the arrival of Cinema, there were some forms of visual entertainments in Europe. The first one was Chinese Shadow Puppetry. It was introduced in Europe in late 17 century from Far East. This type of light show is the one of the popular performances in shadow theatre. The second one was Panorama. It was started by a Scottish artist Robert Baker. Panorama is a simple illuminated view which tells the story from circular paintings. Another popular visual entertainment was the Camera Obsura. The inverted image of the outside world appears on the wall of a dark room through the small hole. This process was later adapted for the pinhole camera and magic lantern. Magic Lantern was like a today projector. The light source inside the room was used to project images through lens into the darken room. The stories were painted on large glasses. The illusions of Magic Lantern such as beheading and beatings were much more improved by making dissolve and using multiple layers. An optical toy called Zoetrope plays the animated sequences to be viewed through slits in a rotating drum.   {{Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 1; Chinese Shadow Theatre Figures Figure 2; Illustration of the Camera Obscura Principle Figure 3; Illustration from Kircher, Projection of Death Figure 4; a modern replica of a Victorian zoetrope Kinetograph By late 1890, Edison and his assistant Dickson developed a device called the Kinetograph. A single viewer needs to bend down to watch the moving images through the keyhole. That is why the nickname was given as What the Butler Saw. Kinetograph can take rapid sequential images and displays images using the loops of 35mm film. But Kinetograph cannot project the moving images on the screen as the viewers demanded. {{Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 5; 1895 Version of Kinetophone in use Cinematographe Lumiere Brothers developed a Cinematographe that is improved on Edisons Kinetograph. Cinematographe was an all in one device. It can be used as camera, film printer and projector. The device was lighter than Kinetograph because the film needs to be hand cranked rather than relying on electric motor. Lumiere Brothers used Cinematographe to show the short clip in the basement of Grand Cafà ©, in Paris. They charged one franc for a twelve strips. It was last for one minute. Since then, the world first cinema market had begun. Arrival at a station (1895) made by Lumieres Brothers shook the audiences. In that film, the viewers thought that train would burst through the screen as train was approaching the station. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 6; Auguste (1862 1954) and Louis Lumiere (1864 1948) Father of Special Effects Figure 7; Georges Melies (1861 1938) A pioneer who discovered many special effects and influenced the visual effects world till today was Georges Melies. He was a magician and a youngest son of a French shoemaker. He used to work in family shoes business until his father retired. He then bought a theatre to make his dreams come true. He designed the innovative stage illusions and performed in his way of comic style. Magic lantern show was one of his great attractions. George Melies realized the benefits of Lumiere Brothers Cinematographe device that brings together the theatrical projection and technology. Therefore, George attempted to buy the Cinematographe device from father of Lumiere brothers. But he was refused to own the device as Lumiere Family wanted to ensure the exclusivity of film production. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} George did not give up easily. He went to London and purchased a device developed by Robert William Paul to work together with Edisons Kinetograph. George then hired two e ngineers to build a new version of camera. The First Special Effect Trick George discovered his first camera trick by accident. When he was recording the traffic, the camera was jammed. After one minute later, he continued to record the traffic. When he joined the break, he suddenly saw the bus changed into a hearse and men changed into women. Since then, he realised the importance of effect by substitution called Stop Action Trick. Stop Action Trick was already used in the Execution of Mary Queen of Scots (1893) produced by Edison before his discovery. But this one became the first trick of his incoming special effects discovery. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Georges produced many genres. Among them his fairy tales and fantasies films were more famous e.g. Cinderella. In Cinderella film, his stop action tricks attracted the audiences by turning pumpkin into horse cart and rags into Cinderellas dress. Figure 8; a scene from Cinderella (1889) Figure 9; stop action trick used in Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1895) The Worlds First Special Effects Facility The Black Maria was the Edisons world first film studio constructed on the train rotating turntable so that studio can be oriented to face the sun like sunflowers. {{Ezra, Elizabeth 2000}} In 1896, Georges Melies also made a first special effect film called The Varnishing Lady in his first special effects glass studio in order to avoid the ruin of illusions by the weather. The studio was constructed by iron structure, glass wall and wooden floor. It was designed by Georges with trapdoors, winches, pulleys, mirrors and flying rigs. The studio was a most sophisticated one at that time. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 10; Edisons The Black Maria Film Studio Figure 11; Georges Melies glass studio Georges Split Screen Process Indian Rubber Head (1902) made by Georges Melies was used a split screen process. In order to create the illusion of an expanding head, Georges zoomed in on his head and superimposed this onto the film. Some areas of films were masked off to isolate the certain part of the picture to split the screen. {{VisualFx Hub 2017}} Figure 12; a scene from the man with the rubber head The First Science Fiction Film A trip to the moon was an earliest science fiction film made by Georges. The two minutes story is about a group of Victorian explorers visiting to the moon. In which film, Georges created the three dimensional depth illusion by painting. This is a very innovative film that covered a lot of Georges camera tricks such as superimpositions, double exposures, dissolves, stop-motion, matte paintings and miniatures. He even introduced the colour to the screen through hand painting and tinting. {{VisualFx Hub 2017}} Figure 13; the iconic image of the Man in the Moon Georges last days The masterpieces created by Georges were self-explanatory and visually stunning to be enjoyed by all audiences from all over the world without subtitling. But Georges films had been pirated and distributed illegally in United States and other countries. In 1913, Georges abandoned the filming after his wife death. In 1914, George was bankrupted and sold his all properties including his masterpieces to creditor. He spent the rest of his life just by running the toy shop at the train station in Paris. Nevertheless, his visual styles and special effects will never be forgotten. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Other contributors in early days of Visual Effects There were many other innovators as well who had been developing the techniques for visual entertainments at the same time with Georges Melies. Robert William Paul was a scientific instrument maker from London. Robert built his own camera and projection for his production after he was refused by Edison to duplicate the Kinetograph. Although Robert was not a film maker, he produced a number of special effects featured films. E.g. The Motorist (1906) was the one of his remarkable films which is equally visual stunning as Georges Melies Masterpiece. The film was decorated with all available special effects to depict the story of a couple driving the car on the rings of Saturn in the space. In 1910, Robert abandoned film production and destroyed all his films. Another pioneer called Georges Albert Smith was an English photographer who built his own cameras and produced many trick films. Santa Claus (1898) was a notable film made by Georges A Smith. He created the earliest opening title s equence in Santa Clause film. He used the techniques of multiple exposures, stop action tricks and image within image in this film with the help of Georges Melies. {{Rickitt, Richard 2006; American Movie Classic Company 2017}}

A belief is knowledge if it coheres with other accepted beliefs Essay

Explain and illustrate one criticism of the view that a belief is knowledge if it coheres with other accepted beliefs Coherentism is the Philosophical idea that truths should not be looked at individually. They should rather be looked at, as a whole. The coherence theory can be put into two parts. These are the coherent theory of truth and the coherent theory of justification. The coherent theory is that truth is different to justified belief. Truth is infallible. It is, what it is, that being correct. Whether it is contingent truth, which may, or may not, be true at a certain time; or a universal truth, which is taken to be always true, everywhere. In contrast the theory of justification, only involves beliefs; although these beliefs have to be coherent when looked at together as a whole. As an example of this, we can look at the example of my Aunt Dotty. An envelope comes to my House. However, there is no letter inside of it. I come to the conclusion that the only person absent-minded enough to forget to put the letter inside the envelope is my Aunt Dotty. However, she lives in Exeter; when looking at the postmark, I see it comes from Edinburgh; also the handwriting on the envelope is not that of my Aunt Dotty. My theory that the envelope came from my Aunt Dotty, who just forgot to put in the letter does not cohere. The separate beliefs do not seem to form together in a coherent way. However, I also remember that my brother was taking my Aunt Dotty to Edinburgh. Furthermore, the writing on the envelope seems to be that of my brother. From this I come to the conclusion that my Aunt Dotty forgot to put the letter in the envelope, and then asked my brother to write the address for her. I would be justified in my son you’re a whale belief of this, as all of my beliefs relating to it fit together in a coherent way. However, that is not to say that my coherent belief is the truth. It may not be the truth. It is just a justified belief. This theory of coherent beliefs perceived and regarded as a whole is called holism. Coherentism dictates that if we want the greatest understanding of what could be considered to be the real world possible, then our beliefs need to be as comprehensive as possible. Furthermore, for Coherentism to work successfully, our beliefs must be non-contradictory and consistent. In traditional Coherentism it is not the set that is justified, but rather the beliefs that make them up. It is from this that the most common flaw, with Coherentism is found. There may not be just one set of justifiable beliefs, relating to a certain number of beliefs. There can be multiple sets. Furthermore, internally all of these beliefs may be individually coherent. One example of this is the science fiction film. In such a film there can be many coherent worlds. However, these worlds are far from the reality of the perceived real world. The problem with the theory of coherence is that if we can only take one thing to be true – as if there were more than one they would undoubtedly we contradictory – it then follows that only one thing can be completely justified as being adequate to believe. In contrast in Coherentism, there can apparently be many sets of justified beliefs. In response, Coherentists argue that there can only be one coherent set. F.H. Bradley, the noted Coherentist, writes: ‘My object is to have a world as comprehensive and coherent as possible, and, in order to attain this object, I have not only to reflect but to perpetually have to recourse to the materials of sense. I must go to this source both to verify the matter which is old and also to increase it by what is new. And in this way I must depend upon the judgements of perception.’ This shows that it is Bradley’s aim to find the most coherent and therefore, hopefully, the only truly coherent set. Richard Wollheim late goes on to say that Bradley thought that Coherence should be a test of justification, rather that a test of any individual belief. Although, only ‘those that have some initial inclination or motive to believe in,’ so as a result of this coherence has the ‘function†¦ to discriminate within those judgements and to eliminate some in favour of others’. In line with Bradley’s defence of Coherentism is that of Jonathan Dancy. He says ‘in general, if we find ourselves scrutinising something we believe, we retain it unless we find something against it, just on the grounds that it is a belief already’. So, if we take Bradley’s response, together with that of Dancy, we are shown that Coherentists do not intend for there to be multiple sets of coherent beliefs, as a result of the coherent theory. Rather, Coherentism is intended as a means of testing existing beliefs, as well as those that can be later added. Donald Davidson, another noted Coherentist, also attempted to defend Coherentism. To do so, he gave as an example, the case of the Radical Interpreter. Imagine that there is a speaker of English, who comes across a group of people speaking a language that no one outside of that group understands. The language is called L. How can our speaker of English, the Radical Interpreter, be able to understand L. Davidson’s answer is that he will have to use what is called the Principle of Charity. The Principle of Charity dictates that the Radical Interpreter will have to assume that what the speakers of L say are true. That is to say, true by the standard of the Radical Interpreter. The speakers of L and the Radical Interpreter have to share the same standards of truth in order to have something in common. If this were not the case, it would be difficult for the Radical Interpreter and speakers of L to see where they disagree. Although, even if they do share the same standards of truth, they may, however both be wrong. The question then arises of what guarantee the Radical Interpreter has, that his and the speakers of L’s standards are not mistaken. Davidson gives the answer to imagine an interpreter to our Radical Interpreter. This interpreter is the Omniscient Interpreter. If the Omniscient Interpreter is to successfully interpret our Radical Interpreter, then he must use the same standards of truth used by our Radical Interpreter and the speakers of L. So the Omniscient Interpreter, like our Radical Interpreter, will have to assume that they use the same standards of truth. However, because the Omniscient Interpreter knows everything, it must follow that his standard of truth is true. Therefore, it follows that if the standards of truth used are roughly common to all parties, then neither the Radical Interpreter nor the speakers of L can be completely mistaken. As a result of this, our interpreter can assume that the majority of his basic beliefs are justified, as are those of the speakers of L. It then follows that there can be no place to believe that there can be more than one set of coherent Beliefs. From this, Davidson believes the Coherentist can dismiss the argument against him. It seems that in the previous defences of Coherentism, the Coherentists have adapted there argument, to suit the criticism of those attempting to undermine it. That is to say, that they are adapting the argument to suit the focus of the criticism. For example, when criticised that Coherentism allows for multiple sets of belief, Bradley, showed that the aim is to have only the most coherent belief. This may show the simple sophistication of the argument. It allows for only the most coherent argument and therefore the most likely to be the truth, to be accepted. Rather, the Coherentist would normally only accept the most coherent argument, rather than the least. To give an example of this; say I woke up one morning. My window was smashed and my television was gone. One set of coherent beliefs is that I have been burgled and my television stolen. My Dad has gone, so he may be contacting the Police. Another set of coherent beliefs, may be that my dad has lost his mind and jumped out of the window with the television. One of these beliefs is more coherent that the other. My father has not history of mental illness, so I can suppose that we have been burgled. Although, both sets are coherent, one is more coherent than the other, so I accept the most coherent as my Belief.

Anatomy and Physiology Essay

The primary goal of this lab is to learn the names of many blood vessels. You will use the models provided as well as pictures in your lab book. Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels Tunica intima: lines the lumen of the blood vessel. Continuous with endocardium of heart. Is extremely smooth to decrease resistance to blood flow. (Made of epithelium) Tunica media: More bulky middle coat. Composed of smooth muscle and elastin. Regulation in the diameter of blood vessels, which alters peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Tunica externa (adventitia): Outermost tunic. Function is primarily supportive and protective (areolar and fibrous CT) Picture Generalized Structure of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Types of Blood Vessels Elastic arteries: Contain much elastic tissue Larger arteries closer to the heart Must expand when heart pumps much blood into them and then passively recoil after blood passes by. Thus, must withstand pressure fluctuations Muscular arteries: Have less elastic tissue, but substantial muscle tissue Smaller arteries farther from heart Exposed to less extreme pressure fluctuations Veins: Far from heart Not subjected to pressure fluctuations Are low pressure vessels thus are thin walled Blood flows against gravity so 1. Have larger lumens 2. Have valves to prevent backflow 3. Skeletal muscle pump Capillaries: Tiniest vessels One cell layer thick: endothelium with underlying basal lamina (tunica intima) Thinnest for making exchanges between blood and tissue cells Activity One Observing a vein and an artery on a microscope slide. Major Systemic Arteries of the Body Activity Two Use the models provided to find arteries listed Use pictures on the following pages to assist Both models and pictures will be used on the test Major Systemic Veins of the Body Activity Three Use the models provided to find veins listed Use pictures on the following pages to assist Both models and pictures will be used on the test Special Circulations Pulmonary Circulation Does not serve metabolic needs of body tissues Function is to bring blood close to alveoli in order do gas exchange Pulmonary arteries are structurally similar to veins Create a low pressure bed in the lungs Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs Pulmonary veins

Olivia Batten. Mrs. Morrison-Robinson. Writing 421. 19

Olivia Batten Mrs. Morrison-Robinson Writing 421 19 May 2017 Fentanyl’s Policy Solution Fentanyl is a powerful narcotic, one hundred times stronger than heroin (Sagan), that is rapidly becoming a national crisis in Canada. Fentanyl is often found within fake OxyContin pills or laced in other drugs such as heroin. Alberta and several cities in Ontario are seeing how fentanyl is affecting their provinces: in 2016 Alberta saw 343 fatal overdoses, Ontario saw 165 in 2015 (Cheung). The closest Canadian province, British Columbia, to the deadly drug’s source has felt the impact of the narcotic the most. Last year there were 914 fentanyl linked overdoses in B.C (Ostroff). The danger of fentanyl is something every single Canadian youth needs to†¦show more content†¦There is a lot of misconception about drug legalization. Uncertainty towards this concept is usually because of stigma surrounding drug use or confusing legalization with decriminalization. Decriminalising an illegal drug means taking away penalties for possessing tha t drug but leaving its distribution in the hands of criminals who can continue to contaminate the drug any way they see fit. Legalization by contrast brings narcotics entirely under government control. That means that when a drug is legalized, the government is the one in charge of regulating the sales, content, and distribution of the drug. The most universally effective example of a government deciding to legalize a dangerous substance, which in its unregulated state was killing over a thousand people a year, happened when the United States decided to legalize alcohol. Before it was legalized, alcohol in the Prohibition era was laced with poison and the alcohol content of a drink varied dramatically (Ostroff). Back then the selling of alcohol, like the drug market today, was a criminally operated free-for-all. Unregulated and tainted liquor killed over 10,000 americans during the thirteen years of prohibition (Hanson), that’s two alcohol-caused fatalities a day. Today, al cohol is strictly regulated by the government and there are rules for what manufacturers can put in their product before it is allowed to go to market. For this reason alcohol fatalities are caused